英創ARM9系列嵌入式主板，均預裝了WinCE 5.0、WinCE 6.0操作系統，用戶可使用標準的C/C++或C#進行應用程序的開發。英創的嵌入式板卡一大特色就是提供了豐富的通訊接口，并實現了相應的驅動程序，用戶只需直接調用相應的接口函數即可實現。

在使用C#進行應用程序開發時，由于C#無法使用C++的靜態庫函數，對于一些流式驅動設備，比如ISA，GPIO，WDT，CAN，SPI，IRQ等，沒有封裝好的庫函數可操作，如果希望控制它們，一種辦法是使用C編寫com組件，在com組件中調用英創提供的相應主板SDK包里的靜態庫函數;另一種方法是直接調用API函數來訪問設備驅動。

對于大多數的流式驅動設備，應用程序使用的一般過程：
1、通過CreatFile打開設備，獲得設備句柄。
2、使用ReadFile讀取數據，使用WriteFile發送數據，以及使用DeviceIoControl對設備驅動進行設置、讀寫等操作。
3、使用完畢，用CloseHandle關閉設備。

在一般情況下，設備的專用功能都是通過DeviceIoControl來實現的，因此如何通過C#編程來操作DeviceIoControl尤為重要。本文以英創ARM9嵌入式主板EM9170為例，介紹如何使用DeviceIoControl來操作主板的ISA接口進行讀寫。GPIO，WDT，CAN，SPI，IRQ等其他流式設備的操作請參看英創開發光盤內提供的相關例程。

1、DeviceIoControl函數的定義
在wince中核心庫為coredll.dll，相當于window的kernel32.dll和user32.dll。要調用核心庫，首先需要在代碼中添加引用：

using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

在c#中DeviceIoControl及CreatFiles，CloseHandle函數聲明，及相關變量定義方法如下（該寫法并不固定）。

[DllImport('coredll.dll', EntryPoint = 'CreateFile', CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
private static extern int CreateFile(String lpFileName,
uint dwDesiredAccess,
uint dwShareMode,
int lpSecurityAttributes,
int dwCreationDisposition,
int dwFlagsAndAttributes,
int hTemplateFile);

[DllImport('coredll.dll', EntryPoint = 'CloseHandle')]
private static extern int CloseHandle(int hObject);

[DllImport('coredll.dll', EntryPoint = 'DeviceIoControl')]
private static extern bool DeviceIoControl(int hDevice,
uint dwIoControlCode,
byte[] lpInBuf,
uint nInBufSize,
byte[] lpOutBuf,
uint nOutBufSize,
ref uint lpBytesReturned,
uint lpOverlapped);

DeviceIoControl函數參數分析：

在C#調用外部dll時，可以用uint來對應DWORD，用ref uint來對應LPDWORD，用IntPtr來對應各種指針，更通用的，可以直接使用byte[]來對應各種指針。

2、DeviceIoControl函數的操作實例
以英創嵌入式主板EM9170的ISA操作為例，以下代碼包括了CreatFile需要的參數定義，ISA操作的IOCTL定義，和ISA的DeviceIoControl操作傳入參數結構體的定義，和封裝DeviceIoControl的兩個ISA函數定義。

主函數操作程序打開ISA設備，并操作ISA輸出輸入，最后關閉設備。

private const uint GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000;
private const uint GENERIC_WRITE = 0x40000000;
private const uint FILE_SHARE_READ = 0x00000001;
private const uint FILE_SHARE_WRITE = 0x00000002;
private const int OPEN_EXISTING = 3;
private const int FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS = 0x10000000;
//------------------------bsp_drivers----------------------------------
//winioctl
private const uint FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER = 0x0000002a;
private const uint METHOD_BUFFERED = 0;
private const uint FILE_ANY_ACCESS = 0;
// ISA IO Control Codes
private const uint ISA_IOCTL_READ_WRITE = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3910 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
private const uint ISA_IOCTL_BUS_RESET = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3911 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
//------------------------bsp_drivers_end------------------------------
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size = 16)]
public struct ISA_BUS_ACCESS
{
[FieldOffset(0)]public uint dwCmd; // = 0: Read, = 1: Write
[FieldOffset(4)]public uint dwSeg; // = 0: ISA_CS0, = 1: ISA_CS1
[FieldOffset(8)]public uint dwOffset;
[FieldOffset(12)]public uint dwValue; // only lower byte valid
}
public static int OpenISA_DIO(String DevName)
{
int handle;
handle = CreateFile(DevName,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, // sharing mode
0, // security attributes (ignored)
OPEN_EXISTING, // creation disposition
FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS, // flags/attributes
0);
return handle;
}
public static bool CloseISA_DIO(int hISA_DIO)
{
if (hISA_DIO != 0)
{
if (CloseHandle(hISA_DIO) != 0)
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
public static bool ISA_Read(int hISA_DIO, int nSeg, uint nOffset, ref byte pRdValue)
{
ISA_BUS_ACCESS isabus;
uint lpBytesReturned = 0;
isabus.dwCmd = 0;
isabus.dwSeg = (uint)nSeg;
isabus.dwOffset = nOffset;
isabus.dwValue = 0;
int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(ISA_BUS_ACCESS));
byte[] lpIntBuf = new byte[size];
IntPtr buffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size);
try
{
Marshal.StructureToPtr(isabus, buffer, false);
Marshal.Copy(buffer, lpIntBuf, 0, size);
}
finally
{
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer);
}
byte[] lpOutBuf = new byte[sizeof(byte)];
if (!DeviceIoControl(hISA_DIO, // file handle to the driver
ISA_IOCTL_READ_WRITE, // I/O control code
lpIntBuf, // in buffer
(uint)size, // in buffer size
lpOutBuf, // out buffer
sizeof(byte), // out buffer size
ref lpBytesReturned, // pointer to number of bytes returned
0)) // ignored (=NULL)
{
return false;
}
pRdValue = lpOutBuf[0];
return true;
}
public static bool ISA_Write(int hISA_DIO, int nSeg, uint nOffset, byte ucWrValue)
{
ISA_BUS_ACCESS isabus;
uint lpBytesReturned = 0;
isabus.dwCmd = 1;
isabus.dwSeg = (uint)nSeg;
isabus.dwOffset = nOffset;
isabus.dwValue = (uint)ucWrValue;
int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(ISA_BUS_ACCESS));
byte[] lpIntBuf = new byte[size];
IntPtr buffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size);
try
{
Marshal.StructureToPtr(isabus, buffer, false);
Marshal.Copy(buffer, lpIntBuf, 0, size);
}
finally
{
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer);
}
if (!DeviceIoControl(hISA_DIO, // file handle to the driver
ISA_IOCTL_READ_WRITE, // I/O control code
lpIntBuf, // in buffer
(uint)size, // in buffer size
null, // out buffer
0, // out buffer size
ref lpBytesReturned, // pointer to number of bytes returned
0)) // ignored (=NULL)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
const int ISA_CS1 = 1;
int hISA;
hISA = OpenISA_DIO('ISA1:');
if( hISA == -1 )
{
Console.Write('Open ISA_DIO device fail!');
return;
}
bRet = ISA_Write(hISA, ISA_CS1, 0, b);
bRet = ISA_Read(hISA, ISA_CS1, 0, ref b);
CloseISA_DIO(hISA);
return;
}

3、傳遞結構體的操作說明
該例程的ISA_Read，ISA_Write和函數中，DeviceIoControl的參數lpIntBuf需要傳遞一個結構體指針，關于結構體的操作需要按以下步驟。

所以首先需要定義一個和接口定義相同的結構體，在C#中定義與C接口的結構體需要使用StructLayout字段聲明結構體的大小，和對齊規則。

在每個成員前面用FieldOffset字段設定該成員在結構體中的偏移。

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit, Size = 16)]
public struct ISA_BUS_ACCESS
{
[FieldOffset(0)]public uint dwCmd; // = 0: Read, = 1: Write
[FieldOffset(4)]public uint dwSeg; // = 0: ISA_CS0, = 1: ISA_CS1
[FieldOffset(8)]public uint dwOffset;
[FieldOffset(12)]public uint dwValue; // only lower byte valid
}

然后設定結構體各成員值，將結構體拷貝到byte[]中，在C#中將結構體拷貝到byte數組需要使用Marshal類。

首先計算結構體大小
int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(ISA_BUS_ACCESS));

創建一個byte[]
byte[] lpIntBuf = new byte[size];

用AllocHGlobal申請一塊非托管空間，并獲得該空間的指針
IntPtr buffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size);

然后用StructureToPtr將結構體拷貝到指針位置，再用Copy將指針位置數據拷貝到byte數組。因為之前申請了內存空間，使用try-finally確報用FreeHGlobal釋放空間

try
{
Marshal.StructureToPtr(isabus, buffer, false);
Marshal.Copy(buffer, lpIntBuf, 0, size);
}
finally
{
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer);
}

以上操作包括空間申請與釋放，效率并不高，為提高效率，應當將結構體成員變量值直接賦值到byte數組相應位置，如：
ISA_BUS_ACCESS isabus;
isabus.dwCmd = 1;

修改為
lpIntBuf[3] = 1;

注意整數的低位在高地址。

4、英創EM9170其他使用DeviceIoControl操作的設備dwIoControlCode值定義

//------------------------bsp_drivers----------------------------------
//winioctl
private const uint FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER = 0x0000002a;
private const uint METHOD_BUFFERED = 0;
private const uint FILE_ANY_ACCESS = 0;
// GPIO IO Control Codes
private const uint GPIO_IOCTL_OUT_ENABLE = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | ( 3900<< 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
private const uint GPIO_IOCTL_OUT_DISABLE = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3901 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
private const uint GPIO_IOCTL_OUT_SET = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3902 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
private const uint GPIO_IOCTL_OUT_CLEAR = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3903 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
private const uint GPIO_IOCTL_PIN_STATE = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3904 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
// ISA IO Control Codes
private const uint ISA_IOCTL_READ_WRITE = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3910 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
private const uint ISA_IOCTL_BUS_RESET = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3911 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
//private const uint ISA_IOCTL_REDA_CS1 = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3912 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
//private const uint ISA_IOCTL_WRITE_CS1 = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3913 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
// SPI IO Control Codes
private const uint CSPI_IOCTL_EXCHANGE = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3030 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
// IRQ IO Control Codes
private const uint IOCTL_WAIT_FOR_IRQ = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3920 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
private const uint IOCTL_SEND_EOI = (FILE_DEVICE_BUS_EXTENDER << 16) | (FILE_ANY_ACCESS << 14) | (3921 << 2) | (METHOD_BUFFERED);
//------------------------bsp_drivers_end------------------------------