1、參考

https://cas.tudelft.nl/fpga_tdc/TDC_basic.html

2、原理

采用FPGA的CARRY4進位單元，每個CARRY4的COUT連接到下一個CARRY4的CIN，這樣級聯起來，形成延時鏈;每個COUT做為抽頭輸出到觸發器，通過本地時鐘進行數據采樣。假定每個延時鏈的延時是固定的(最后需要標定)，可通過采樣值大致估算所測信號與本地時鐘上升沿之間的間隔，當得到適當的標定后，可獲得較高的精度。

3、當前測試的芯片是XC7K325TFFG900 -2

仿真中的carry4 除第一級外，其他的carry4輸出到輸入延遲固定都是53ps，但是這是4個進位的延遲時間，只是vivado仿真工具有限制，且需要后仿真。

4、源代碼

頂層

tdc_top.v

module tdc_top#(
parameter STAGE = 200,
parameter GAP_BITS = 8
)(
input wire sg_start,
input wire clk_sys,
input wire reset ,
output wire cs_gap,
output wire [GAP_BITS-1:0] value_gap
);

wire clk_bufg;

clk_wiz_0 clk_wiz_0_inst(
.clk_out1(clk_bufg),
.clk_in1(clk_sys)
);

wire valid_pre;

wire valid;
wire [STAGE-1:0] value_latch;

wire bin_cs;
wire [GAP_BITS-1:0] bin;

wire sg_bufr;

BUFR #(
.BUFR_DIVIDE("BYPASS"), // Values: "BYPASS, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8"
.SIM_DEVICE("7SERIES") // Must be set to "7SERIES"
)
BUFR_INST (
.O(sg_bufr), // 1-bit output: Clock output port
.CE(1'b1), // 1-bit input: Active high, clock enable (Divided modes only)
.CLR(1'b0), // 1-bit input: Active high, asynchronous clear (Divided modes only)
.I(sg_start) // 1-bit input: Clock buffer input driven by an IBUF, MMCM or local interconnect
);

FDCE #(
.INIT(1'b0) // Initial value of register (1'b0 or 1'b1)
)
FDCE_INST2 (
.Q(valid_pre), // 1-bit Data output
.C(clk_bufg), // 1-bit Clock input
.CE(1'b1), // 1-bit Clock enable input
.CLR(1'b0), // 1-bit Asynchronous clear input
.D(sg_bufr) // 1-bit Data input
);

FDCE #(
.INIT(1'b0) // Initial value of register (1'b0 or 1'b1)
)
FDCE_INST3 (
.Q(valid), // 1-bit Data output
.C(clk_bufg), // 1-bit Clock input
.CE(1'b1), // 1-bit Clock enable input
.CLR(1'b0), // 1-bit Asynchronous clear input
.D(valid_pre) // 1-bit Data input
);

line_tdc#(
.STAGE (STAGE)

) line_tdc_inst(
.sg_start (sg_bufr),
.clk_bufg (clk_bufg),
.reset (reset),
.value_latch (value_latch)
);

latch2bin#(
.GAP_BITS (GAP_BITS)
) latch2bin_inst(
.clk_bufg (clk_bufg),
.reset (reset),
.valid (valid),
.value_latch (value_latch),
.bin_cs (cs_gap),
.bin (value_gap)
);

延遲線代碼

line_tdc.v

module line_tdc#(
parameter STAGE = 256
)(
input wire sg_start,
input wire clk_bufg,
input wire reset,
output wire [STAGE - 1:0] value_latch
);

wire [STAGE - 1:0] dat_reg0;
wire [STAGE - 1:0] dat_reg1;

genvar i;
generate
for (i = 0; i if(i == 0) begin :carry4_first
CARRY4 CARRY4_INST (
.CO (dat_reg0[3:0]), // 4-bit carry out
.O (), // 4-bit carry chain XOR data out
.CI (1'b0), // 1-bit carry cascade input
.CYINIT (sg_start), // 1-bit carry initialization
.DI (4'b0000), // 4-bit carry-MUX data in
.S (4'b1111) // 4-bit carry-MUX select input
);
end
if (i > 0) begin :carry4_others
CARRY4 CARRY4_OTHERS (
.CO (dat_reg0[4*(i+1)-1:4*i]), // 4-bit carry out
.O (), // 4-bit carry chain XOR data out
.CI (dat_reg0[4*i-1]), // 1-bit carry cascade input
.CYINIT (1'b0), // 1-bit carry initialization
.DI (4'b0000), // 4-bit carry-MUX data in
.S (4'b1111) // 4-bit carry-MUX select input
);
end
end
endgenerate

genvar j;
generate
for (j = 0; j FDRE #(
.INIT (1'b0) // Initial value of register (1'b0 or 1'b1)
) FDRE_INST0 (
.Q (dat_reg1[j]), // 1-bit Data output
.C (clk_bufg), // 1-bit Clock input
.CE (1'b1), // 1-bit Clock enable input
.R (reset), // 1-bit Synchronous reset input
.D (dat_reg0[j]) // 1-bit Data input
);

FDRE #(
.INIT (1'b0) // Initial value of register (1'b0 or 1'b1)
) FDRE_INST1 (
.Q (value_latch[j]), // 1-bit Data output
.C (clk_bufg), // 1-bit Clock input
.CE (1'b1), // 1-bit Clock enable input
.R (reset), // 1-bit Synchronous reset input
.D (dat_reg1[j]) // 1-bit Data input
);
end
endgenerate

endmodule

延遲線數字碼轉換二進制輸出
latch2bin.v

module latch2bin#(
parameter GAP_BITS = 8

)(
input wire clk_bufg,
input wire reset,
input wire valid,
input wire [(2**GAP_BITS)-1:0] value_latch,
output reg bin_cs,
output reg [GAP_BITS-1:0] bin
);

(* *)reg [(2**GAP_BITS)-2:0] decoding [0:GAP_BITS-4];

(* *)reg [GAP_BITS:0] binary [0:GAP_BITS-3];

(* *)reg [GAP_BITS-2:0] data_valid;

(* *)reg [15:0] decode_final;

(* *)reg [GAP_BITS-1:0] bin_final;

(* *)reg [3:0] ones;

(* *)reg [GAP_BITS:0] binary_r;

always@(*) begin
decoding[0] = value_latch[(2**GAP_BITS)-2:0];
data_valid[0] end

genvar i;
generate
for (i = 0; i always@(posedge clk_bufg) begin
if(reset) begin
decoding[i+1] binary[i+1] data_valid[i+1] end
else begin
binary[i+1][GAP_BITS:GAP_BITS-1-i] data_valid[i+1] if(decoding[i][((2**(GAP_BITS-i))-2)/2]==1'b1) begin
decoding[i+1][((2**(GAP_BITS-i))-2)/2-1:0] end
else begin
decoding[i+1][((2**(GAP_BITS-i))-2)/2-1:0] end
end
end
end
endgenerate

always@(posedge clk_bufg) begin
if(reset) begin
ones data_valid[GAP_BITS-3] binary[GAP_BITS-3] bin_final end
else begin
ones decoding[GAP_BITS-4][0] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][1] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][2] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][3] +
decoding[GAP_BITS-4][4] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][5] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][6] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][7] +
decoding[GAP_BITS-4][8] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][9] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][10] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][11] +
decoding[GAP_BITS-4][12] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][13] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][14] + decoding[GAP_BITS-4][15];

data_valid[GAP_BITS-3] binary[GAP_BITS-3]

data_valid[GAP_BITS-2] bin_final end
end

always@(posedge clk_bufg) begin
if(reset) begin
bin_cs bin end
else begin
if(data_valid[GAP_BITS-2] == 1'b1) begin
bin_cs bin end
else begin
bin_cs bin end
end
end

endmodule

測試

tb_tdc_top.v

module tb_tdc_top;

reg clk_sys;
reg sg_start;
reg reset;
wire [7:0] value_gap;

tdc_top tdc_top_inst(
.sg_start (sg_start),
.clk_sys (clk_sys),
.reset (reset),
.value_gap (value_gap)
);

initial begin
clk_sys = 0;
sg_start = 0;
reset = 1;
#1000;
reset = 0;
#116;
sg_start = 1;
#3;
sg_start = 0;
end

always #(5) clk_sys = ~clk_sys;

endmodule

時鐘模塊100M輸入，400M輸出，并經過BUFG資源。

由于每個carry4的延遲時間是53ps，每個時鐘周期是2.5ns，最多需要50個carry4級聯即可。

5、約束

手冊上有寫，對于carry4的第一級約束后，下一級的carry4會以最鄰近的擺放。tdc.xdc

set_property PACKAGE_PIN AD21 [get_ports reset]
set_property PACKAGE_PIN AE23 [get_ports sg_start]
set_property PACKAGE_PIN AD23 [get_ports clk_sys]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[7]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[6]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[5]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[4]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[3]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[2]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[1]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports {value_gap[0]}]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports cs_gap]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports reset]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports sg_start]
set_property IOSTANDARD LVCMOS33 [get_ports clk_sys]

set_property LOC SLICE_X0Y0 [get_cells line_tdc_inst/genblk1[0].carry4_first.CARRY4_INST]

6、后仿真測試結果

審核編輯：湯梓紅